Immunotherapy in genitourinary cancers: Where are we going?

Introduction: Tumour-associated inflammation is involved with the development of genitourinary cancers. A growing understanding of the interactions between immune cells and cancer provides the basis for immunomodulating approaches. Area covered: Immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints and tumour-associated antigens are providing a new approach in patients with prostate and bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma. The possibility to integrate such therapeutic agents in the current scenario, both in sequential or combined approaches, relies on a comprehension of the pro-tumourigenic activity of the immune system and the mechanisms of cancer-related immunosuppression. Expert commentary: Treatment of genitourinary cancers is being revolutionized by the recent development of new immunotherapeutic approaches. The next step will be the identification of the sequences or combinations between novel and effective immunotherapies and currently approved targeted agents and chemotherapies.