According to new paradigms of urban wastewater management, energy savings and resources and energy recovery from sewage will assume an ever-increasing importance. Anaerobic processes, aside from being more energy efficient than conventional aerobic ones, are particularly suited to recover embedded organic energy, improving the overall energy balance of treatment processes, however, their performance is limited by low temperatures and slower kinetics. In this study, a pilot Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor was operated to treat municipal wastewater at low temperature regime (16.5–18.5 °C) for 22 weeks, both as standalone process and combined with a sidestream anaerobic sludge digester. Process performance highlighted good system robustness, as proved by stable pH and volatile fatty acid/total alkaline buffer capacity ratio, even though observed methane yield was low. Observed COD and TSS removal efficiencies were in the ranges of 60–69% and 63–73%, respectively. Methane production ranged between 0.106 and 0.132 Nm3CH4/kgCODrem. An economic assessment was carried out to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of implementing UASB pre-treatment of municipal wastewater in existing conventional facilities (activated sludge and anaerobic sludge digestion), showing that significant energy demand reduction could be achieved for both biological secondary treatment and sludge management, leading to considerable operational economies, and possible positive economic returns within a short pay-back period (3–4 yrs).
