The impossibility to palpate organs and tissues is probably the most important drawback of the laparoscopic approach: laparoscopic sonography represent the only real alternative to manual palpation. The laparoscopic approach in the field of urology was initially limited to the identification of the undescended testes in paediatric urology and to the laparoscopic ligation of varicocele. More recently, it took into account the pelvic lymphadenectomy for staging prostatic and bladder cancer. The upper urinary tract and the retroperitoneum were approached more recently. In a preliminary phase the indications for laparoscopic nephrectomy were limited to benign diseases, such as atrophic kidney in patients with renal hypertension, and scarred pyelonephritic kidney. At present some preliminary experiences are reported about nephrectomy performed for carcinoma of the urether or of the upper collecting system and for renal masses of unknown origin. Another indication for a laparoscopic approach to the kidney is represented by symptomatic renal cysts. These cysts have been usually treated with percutaneous aspiration and/or sclerosis, but a high rate of recurrence is reported. Laparoscopy may be used to approach renal cysts with the advantage that most of the cystic wall could be excised, reducing the change of recurrence. Another possible indication for laparoscopy and laparoscopic sonography is the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in testes cancer with staging or therapeutic purposes. Nowadays preliminary experiences in laparoscopic adrenalectomy have been reported in a limited series of cases. In this report the Authors present their initial experience using a 7.5 MHz rigid probe having 400 crystal which can be inserted into a 10 mm trocar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
