Sampling-Based Active Power Measurement in PWM Inverters: Frequency Response Errors and Design Considerations with Novel Stochastic-Based Methodologies for Noise Quantification

Although it is a relevant aspect in the development, testing, and control of PWM converters, Active Power Measurement (APM) has not been fully addressed in the literature, especially for high-power cases. Unlike in grid measurements, in the PWM case signals are spread over a wide-band spectrum. This can easily lead to errors, in particular, due to non-ideal frequency response (e.g., the limited bandwidth of current and voltage sensors, presence of anti-aliasing filters), which are typically neglected or under-estimated. These issues are thoroughly discussed in this work, together with sampling and noise. For the latter, novel analytical results based on stochastic models are reported. Furthermore, general design guidelines and an example are provided, with the focus on the quantitative design of the frequency response error and noise effect.