Gravity is a fundamental mechanical force on Earth, shaping the evolution of all life forms. Organisms have developed structural and physiological systems optimized to function under its constant pull. However, when humanity ventures into space, it is confronted with environments where gravity is either absent or significantly altered. These conditions, including both microgravity and hypergravity encountered in space travel and high-acceleration manoeuvres, pose unique challenges for human physiology; moreover, activities under controlled gravity offer opportunities of increasing relevance for technological and scientific advancement.
