This essay explores the intersection between Kantian aesthetics, neuroscience, and evolutionary theories of beauty, examining how the judgment of taste operates as both a subjective and universal experience. Kant’s theory of beauty, as outlined in the Critique of Judgment, proposes that aesthetic judgment is based on a free play between the faculties of Imagination and Understanding, independent of conceptual determination. The experience of beauty does not derive from an inherent property of the object but rather from a harmonious cognitive state induced by perception. This perspective is contrasted with contemporary approaches that seek to naturalize aesthetics through neuroscience and evolutionary theory. Aesthetic judgment cannot be fully explained by neural mechanisms or evolutionary advantages alone. Instead, beauty emerges from a co-evolution of biology, cognition, and cultural structures, paralleling the emergence of language. The capacity for aesthetic judgment reflects the unique interplay between perception, symbolic thought, and cultural discourse, reinforcing Kant’s insight that beauty is both a subjective feeling and a universal claim. Ultimately, aesthetic experience is best understood as an emergent phenomenon, wherein biological predispositions, cognitive faculties, and linguistic expression converge to form a shared yet deeply personal dimension of human existence.
