Spatial variation in key functional traits of Mediterranean fucoid algae: Insights from Cystoseira sensu lato intertidal canopies

Cystoseira sensu lato are fucoid algae that form dense stands on intertidal and subtidal rocky reefs sustaining species-rich associated assemblages. The increasing human pressure is causing the decline of these marine forests, raising wide concerns on the ecological consequences of their loss. Yet, little is known about functional trait variables of Cystoseira s.l. species, which are essential to a deeper understanding of their contribution to the functioning of coastal ecosystems. We analysed the intraspecific spatial variation of the total organic matter, Corg, N and P contents in Ericaria amentacea from intertidal rocky shores in the W Mediterranean Sea. Specifically, we quantified spatial patterns of variation of traits at large (100s km), small (1000s m), and local (100s cm) scale. We also explored potential interspecific variation by comparing the combined functional profile of trait variables between E. amentacea and Cystoseira compressa, an often co-occurring or vicariant species. Tissue contents of organic matter, Corg, N and P, were consistent among E. amentacea stands, supporting the hypothesis of a largescale (100s km) spatial homogeneity of such key traits in this species. Overlapping functional profiles between E. amentacea and C. compressa also suggested putative interspecific trait congruencies. However, a small-scale (1000s m) significant variability was found for all trait variables in E. amentacea. Variance components at small (1000s m) and local (100s cm) scale accounted for the largest contribution to the total spatial variation for all traits, recommending caution in the use of small and local-scale trait values to generalize functional performances of Cystoseira s.l. forests over large areas. This study represents one of the first attempts to shed light on the variability of key functional attributes of Cystoseira s.l. species at a range of spatial scales, which could assist more reliable assessments of their functional role and improve their management and conservation.