Normal anatomy and anatomic variants of vascular foramens in the cervical vertebrae:a paleo-osteological study and review of the literature.

We investigated 923 cervical vertebrae belonging to late-antiquity and medieval skeletal remains and assessed the qualitative and quantitative structural characteristics of transverse foramens (TF) and additional vascular canals. We also reviewed the pertinent literature. Double TF were chiefly observed in C6 (with a right/left side prevalence of 35.7 and 44.4 %, respectively) and C5 vertebrae (23.6 and 23.9 %, right/left side, respectively), while unclosed TF were mainly documented in C1 vertebrae (8.4 %). Retrotransverse canal and retrotransverse groove were present in 8.5 and 17.8 %, respectively, of C1 vertebrae examined, while arcuate foramens and supertransverse foramens were found in 7.3 and 3.7 % of specimens, respectively. TF diameter decreased from C6 to C2 vertebrae, being smallest in C7 and greatest in C1 vertebrae, with no left/right significant difference. There was a significant correlation between TF diameter and stature, but only on the right side. The mean area of the arcuate foramen was lower than the mean area of the ipsilateral TF (24.5 ± 5.7 vs 28.5 ± 7.7 mm2, respectively; p = 0.048), possibly causing compression of the vertebral artery within the arcuate foramen. The study of human vertebrae excavated from archaeological sites is a simple and effective way to analyze the morphology and quantitative anatomy of vascular foramens.