Seiberg-Witten theory as a Fermi gas

We explore a new connection between Seiberg–Witten theory and quantum statistical systems by relating the dual partition function of SU(2) Super Yang–Mills theory in a self-dual Ω background to the spectral determinant of an ideal Fermi gas. We show that the spectrum of this gas is encoded in the zeroes of the Painlevé III 3τ function. In addition, we find that the Nekrasov partition function on this background can be expressed as an O(2) matrix model. Our construction arises as a four-dimensional limit of a recently proposed conjecture relating topological strings and spectral theory. In this limit, we provide a mathematical proof of the conjecture for the local P1× P1 geometry.