Best practices towards the digitization of 3D traces from virtual outcrop models

With the expanding application of virtual outcrop models (VOMs) within the geosciences, there is a growing need to establish standards for the digital measurement of geological discontinuities exposed therein. Such standards should be tailored towards the complexities of natural outcrops, where geological discontinuities often intersect the outcrop topography and are expressed as 3D traces. Digitizing geological discontinuities expressed as trace data is typically conducted manually via polyline interpolation along the exposed trace, with discontinuity orientation estimated through planar model fitting through the polyline's component nodes. Presently, establishing quality control for such measurements lacks standardization due to the absence of robust benchmarks, with the validity of the resultant orientation data heavily reliant on the experience of the interpreter. With the aim of bridging this gap, we present the results of the manual digitization and orientation estimation of bedding planes expressed as traces across seven natural outcrops. We use two digitization strategies: one employing a previewed best-fit plane during digitization and another without. The first digitization method is carried out by an expert user who visually filters data according to visual alignment with the intended bedding prior to best fit plane estimation. In contrast, the non-visually aided method mimics acquisition by a novice user, with no a priori data filtering based upon trace geometry with respect to the outcrop. Comparison of the results obtained by these ' expert ' and ' novice ' acquisition modes is aimed at building benchmarks and best practices. Specifically, we analyze parameters derived from the digitized traces and their corresponding best-fit planes. We compare these parameters with the deviation of the best-fit plane from the mean orientation of the bedding surface as measured using visually-aided acquisition. Comparing these datasets reveals that visually-aided digitization yields more precise and accurate bedding measurements, characterized by traces with lower vertex collinearity. Notably, comparable results can be achieved in the non-visually assisted dataset by excluding traces with high node collinearity. Consequently, we provide robust benchmarks for trace collinearity and its relationship to best fit plane quality to aid the practical implementation of the results of this study. Furthermore, we supplement quantitative comparative analysis with recommended best practices for 3D trace digitization, such as ensuring high values of coplanarity, maintaining a quasi-constant node-to-node distance relative to the model's resolution, and ensuring a minimum number of nodes to guarantee the robustness of the fitted planar model. Critically, our study highlights the critical role tacit geological knowledge plays in the robustness of 3D trace digitization from virtual outcrop models.