Physiological and molecular characterization of Fe acquisition by tomato plants from natural Fe complexes

The aim of this work is to evaluate the capability of tomato plants to use different Fe sources, such as Fe citrate, Fe phytosiderophores, and Fe complexed by a water-extractable humic substances (Fe-WEHS) also in relation to physiological and molecular adaptations induced by these complexes at the root level. Tomato plants acquired higher amounts of Fe from Fe-WEHS than from the other two sources and this phenomenon occurred only when the treatment lasted 24 h. The higher acquisition of Fe from Fe-WEHS than other sources depended on a reductive mechanism and on rhizosphere acidification and appeared to be due neither to a higher apoplastic loading nor to a higher resistance of WEHS to microbial degradation. Supply of the different Fe complexes to deficient plants induced a transient upregulation of Fe(III)-chelate reductase (LeFRO1) and Fe transporter genes, LeIRT1 and LeIRT2. In Fe-WEHS-fed plants, where a quicker and higher upregulation of these genes was evident, a coordination in the expression of LeFRO1, LeIRT1, and LeIRT2 genes occurred already after 1 h treatment when the amount of Fe acquired by the plants from the three sources was similar. Iron from Fe-WEHS could be efficiently acquired in a mixture of natural Fe complexes possibly occurring in the rhizosphere. This phenomenon is due to an altered expression of Fe uptake-related genes and to the root capacity to create favorable conditions for the micronutrient uptake into the rhizosphere.