Toward Tectonic-Type and Global 1D Seismic Models of the Upper Mantle Constrained by Broadband Surface Waves

The unprecedentedly dense current sampling of the upper mantle with seismic data offers an opportunity for determining representative seismic velocity models for the Earth’s main tectonic environments. Here, we use over 1.17 million Rayleigh- and 300,000 Love-wave, fundamental-mode, phase-velocity curves measured with multimode waveform inversion of data available since the 1990s, and compute phase-velocity maps in a 17–310 s period range. We then compute phase-velocity curves averaged over the globe and eight tectonic environments, and invert them for 1D seismic velocity profiles of the upper mantle. The averaged curves are smooth and fit by VS models with very small misfits, under 0.1%, at most periods. For phase-velocity curves extending up to 310 s, Rayleigh waves resolve VSV structure down to the shallow lower mantle. Love-wave sampling is shallower, and VSH and, thus, radial anisotropy profiles are resolved down to 375–400 km depth. The uncertainty of the VS models is dominated by the trade-offs of VS at neighboring depths. Using the model-space-projection approach, we quantify the uncertainty of VS in layers of different thickness and at different depths, and show how it decreases with the increasing thickness of the layers. Example 1D VS models that fit the data display the expected increase of the lithospheric seismic velocity with the age of the oceanic lithosphere and with the average age of the continental tectonic type. Radial anisotropy in the global and most tectonictype models show a flip of the sign from positive (VSH > VSV ) to negative at 200–300 km depth. Negative anisotropy is also observed in the shallow mantle lithosphere beneath oceans down to 45–55 km depth. We also compute a global model with the minimal structural complexity, which fits the data worse than the best-fitting one but does not include a sublithospheric low-velocity zone, providing a simple reference for seismic studies.