Indexicality is at the core of many major philosophical problems.1 In the last years,
recorded messages and written notes have become a significant test and an intriguing
puzzle for the semantics of indexical expressions.2 In this paper, I argue that a parallel may
be drawn between the determination of the reference of the indexical expressions in
recorded messages or written texts, and the determination of the illocutionary force of
recorded or written utterances. To this aim, I will endorse the intention-based approach
proposed by Stefano Predelli - and in particular his distinction between context of
utterance and context of interpretation.
