This textbook aims to introduce the reader to the basic principles and methods of virtual outcrop models and their applications within structural geology. We first provide the reader with the basic concepts of virtual outcrop models and an overview of methods commonly employed for digitally scanning outcrop surfaces: lidar and Structure from Motion - Multi-VIew Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry. We then focus upon SfM-MVS photogrammetry, illustrating its fundamental concepts. Finally, we illustrate key applications of virtual outcrop models in the field of structural geology. In addition, the book features six training exercises that serve to illustrate the fundamental steps and issues related to the creation and interpretation of models.
