Molecular and chemical characterization of a Sphagnum palustre clone: Key steps towards a standardized and sustainable moss bag technique

This work aimed to define the molecular and chemical signature of a S. palustre clone developed in theframework of the EU-FP7 Mossclone project to improve the standardization and reliability of the moss-bag technique. The molecular characterization was performed by a set of DNA molecular markers (RAPD,ISJ, PCR-RFLP, sequencing and microsatellites) to tag the clone produced within the project. Molecularcharacterization also provided new DNA markers that can be applied in systematic analyses of Sphag-num, and gave new insights to implement well established techniques. The elemental composition of theclone was measured by ICP-MS analysis of 54 major and trace elements, with and without commonlyapplied pre-exposure treatments (oven devitalization and EDTA washing). Concentrations of almost allanalyzed elements were significantly lower (from 10 to 100 times) in the clone than in conspecific fieldmoss, apart from some elements (K, Mo, P and Na) deriving from the culture medium or EDTA treatment.Oven devitalization and EDTA washing did not significantly affect the clone composition. A compari-son between the elemental composition of the clone with that of naturally growing Sphagnum speciesproved the particularly low elemental content of the clone. Therefore, in view of a rigorously standard-ized moss-bag protocol for the monitoring of persistent atmospheric pollutants, the use of the S. palustreclone, a biomaterial with very low and constant element composition, and homogenous morphologicalcharacteristics is strongly recommended.