Biobanks are key tools in advancing scientifi c research by providing access to large amounts of biological samples and associated data, thus are increasing their relevance in biomedical research. Likewise, they raise several ethical, legal, and societal issues, mainly related to the defi nition of their purposes, ownership of biological materials, and protection of personal data. The peculiar two-fold nature of human samples – material and informational – gener ates uncertainty, primarily regarding ownership and custodianship. Moreover, the need to collect informed consent from donors presents signifi cant challenges regarding the many pos sible uses of the samples and the application of the principle of transparency in this fi eld. The advent of AI poses new risks related to data protection and fundamental rights. In this contri bution we address the main concerns in balancing scientifi c research with public and private interest, and individual rights.
