Early Jurassic long-term oceanic sulfur-cycle perturbations in the Tibetan Himalaya

The Early Jurassic is an important interval characterized by several global carbon-isotope (δ13C) perturbations. Although the δ13C records are becoming better documented during this time interval, we have a relatively poor understanding of the associated long-term environmental and climatic changes. In order to decipher these events, we here present new stable sulfur-isotope data of carbonate-associated sulfate (δ34SCAS) for the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian interval from the Wölong section in the Tibetan Himalaya that was located palaeogeographically in the southern hemisphere. An overall positive shift in δ34SCAS coincides with the negative δ13C excursion around the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian boundary, suggesting an increased 34S-depleted pyrite burial rate. The ensuing overarching negative δ34SCAS shift coincides with the upper Pliensbachian positive δ13C excursion. The initial falling limb of the δ34SCAS shift suggests a transient δ34S-depleted sulfate input, but this trend was soon reversed to become positive, likely caused by a persistently enhanced 32S-rich pyrite burial flux in the latest Pliensbachian. Modeling results show that maximum oceanic sulfate concentration likely decreased during the Sinemurian–Toarcian interval, probably due to large-scale evaporite deposition in the western Tethys and proto-Atlantic and enhanced pyrite burial in a number of marine settings. The concentration of seawater sulfate could have been high enough to maintain a homogeneous sulfur-isotope ocean in the late Sinemurian, but its persistent decrease may have initiated a spatially heterogeneous ocean after the Pliensbachian: an oceanic geochemical state that was amplified during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.