The vitreous body is recognized as one of the causes of diabetic macular edema (DME) via several mechanisms. The observation that spontaneous posterior vitreous detachment could lead to reduction or resolution of DME suggested that the surgical induction of a vitreomacular separation could contribute to DME improvement. The main indication for vitrectomy is represented by the concomitant presence of epiretinal membrane and/or vitreomacular traction. Surgical treatment mainly involves pars plana vitrectomy, epiretinal membrane removal, and internal limiting membrane peeling.
