Migration has acquired considerable importance in the national and international political agenda, and in the public debate in general, raising the question of responsibility that needs to be thought out and acted on at a global level. In fact, this phenomenon entails a challenge for national and supranational governments, both for the question of freedom of movement and residence, and for its humanitarian and health relevance (Conti and Federici, 2021).
In the electoral campaigns of recent years in Europe (Greco et al., 2017; Greco, 2019; Greco & Polli, 2020), the debate on migration has taken on particular importance, favoring the strengthening of electoral consensus around specific political proposals, which they found an anchor in the very idea that the migratory phenomenon could be a risk factor for citizens. In some cases, these proposals have been associated with a strengthening of nationalism, calling into question membership of the European Union. European countries faced the difficulty of identifying a common strategy on costs and arrival management, raising the debate around the issue of belonging to the European Union even among its founding countries.
