Qualitative study of perfect-fluid Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker models with a cosmological constant

The evolution of spatially homogeneous and isotropic cosmological models containing a perfect fluid with equation of state p=w\rho and a cosmological constant \Lambda is investigated for arbitrary combinations of w and \Lambda, using standard qualitative analysis borrowed from classical mechanics. This approach allows one to consider a large variety of situations, appreciating similarities and differences between models, without solving the Friedmann equation, and is suitable for an elementary course in cosmology.