Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a common endocrine disorder, due to an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from one or more parathyroid gland(s), where the only cure remains surgery. The surgical approach has become less invasive over the years, thanks to the advances in the preoperative localization of the enlarged parathyroid gland, as well as to the possibility to measure intra-operative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH). After the targeted removal of a parathyroid gland, IOPTH can confirm biochemically the cure of pHPT, such that it helps the surgeon to judge if the parathyroidectomy has been successful and there is no need of additional dissection. As with all laboratory tests, the quality of IOPTH total testing process is essential to the best utilization of patients' results. However, this can be affected by errors occurring in different phases. This review aims to describe the total testing process of IOPTH. Methods: We performed a search in Pubmed and a review of the literature on the current management of pHPT and the total testing process of IOPTH measurement. Results: Compared to previous studies focusing on single aspects of the IOPTH testing process, here we have analyzed all the steps crucial for the quality of IOPTH from the “pre-pre” to the “post-post” analytical phase. Conclusions: Clinicians and laboratory scientists should be aware of all the potential sources of errors in IOPTH measurement in order to improve their daily management of pHPT.
