Stretching of a polymer below the theta point

The unfolding of a polymer below the theta point when pulled by an external force is studied both in d=2 on the lattice and in d=3 off the lattice. At T=0 and for finite length chains, it is found that the globule unfolds via multiple steps, corresponding to transitions between different minima, in both cases. In d=3 one of these intermediates is a regular helix. In the infinite length limit, these steps have a qualitative effect only in d=2. The phase diagram in d=2 is determined via the transfer matrix. To rationalize these results, energy-entropy and renormalization group arguments are given.