Defined as local manufacturing systems, industrial districts have been recog- nized as particularly important for the location of firms’ manufacturing activities intertwined with innovation processes. The debate on the interna- tionalization of production has stressed the low value related to manufactur- ing within value chain activities (smile framework), emphasizing the need to focus on high value-added activities (R&D or marketing). Following multi- national enterprises’ internationalization strategies, also district firms have progressively offshored their production phases in the past years. However, recent studies focused on backshoring have revamped the attention on the domestic control of production for firms’ competitiveness. This chapter explores district firms’ location choices for manufacturing activities between local and global. Based on an empirical analysis of about 260 Italian district firms specialized in mechanics, furniture, and fashion and supported by a case study investigation, our results show that despite district internationali- zation processes, a non-negligible amount of firms still carry out in-house or through outsourcing production activities at district level. Larger firms couple district production and long-term upstream outsourced internationali- zation activities. The district system confirms its role of pooling specialized competences and product know-how, being decisive for firms’ innovation and responsiveness to national and international markets. Backshoring, instead, is a very limited phenomenon and linked to upgrading strategies.
